Geometry

When  using 3d application software they use the cartesian coordinates which is in basic terms the x,y,z axsis and this is used to find the points in a 3d space. Simply put, geometry is the study of the size, shape and position of 2 dimensional shapes and 3 dimensional figures. However, geometry is used daily by almost everyone. In geometry, one explores spatial sense and geometric reasoning. Geometry is found everywhere: in art, architecture, engineering, robotics, land surveys, astronomy, sculptures, space, nature, sports, machines, cars and much more.

Coordinates
In a 3D Cartesian coordinate system, a  Often the x-axis is imagined to be horizontal and pointing roughly toward the viewer (out of the page), the y-axis is also horizontal and pointing to the right, and the z-axis is vertical, pointing up.

Plagiarism

Don't you dare pirate my work mi a watch you

SoftWare Packages

Major packages used commonly in industry

• 3ds Max (Autodesk), originally called 3D Studio MAX, is a comprehensive and versatile 3D application used in film, television, video games and architecture for Windows. It can be extended and customized through its SDK or scripting using a Maxscript. It can use third party rendering options such as Brazil R/S, finalRender and V-Ray.

• AC3D (Inivis) is a 3D modeling application that began in the 90's on the Amiga platform. Used in a number of industries, MathWorks actively recommends it in many of their aerospace-related articles^[1] due to price and compatibility. AC3D does not feature its own renderer, but can generate output files for both RenderMan and POV-Ray among others.

• Aladdin4D (DiscreetFX), first created for the Amiga, was originally developed by Adspec Programming. After acquisition by DiscreetFX, it is multi-platform for Mac OS X, Amiga OS 4.1, MorphOS, Linux, AROS and Windows.

• Blender (Blender Foundation) is a free, open source, 3D studio for animation, modeling, rendering, and texturing offering a feature set comparable to commercial 3D animation suites. It includes features such as multi-resolution sculpting; retopology painting; 3D view texture painting; and other features. Blender is developed under the GPL and is available on all major platforms including Windows, OS X, Linux, BSD, Solaris and Irix.

• Carrara (DAZ Productions) is a fully-featured 3D toolset for modeling, texturing, scene rendering and animation.

• Cinema 4D (MAXON) is a light (Prime) to full featured (Studio) 3d package dependant on version used. Although used in film usually for 2.5d work, Cinema's largest user base is in the television motion graphics and design/visualisation arenas. Originally developed for the Amiga, it is also available for Mac OS X, Windows and Linux.

• CityEngine (Procedural Inc) is a 3D modeling application specialized in the generation of three dimensional urban environments. With the procedural modeling approach, CityEngine enables the efficient creation of detailed large-scale 3D city models, it is available for Mac OS X, Windows and Linux.

• Cobalt is a parametric-based Computer-aided design (CAD) and 3D modeling software for both the Macintosh and Microsoft Windows. It integrates wireframe, freeform surfacing, feature-based solid modeling and photo-realistic rendering (see Ray tracing), and animation.

• Electric Image Animation System (EI Technology Group) is a 3D animation and rendering package available on both Mac OS X and Windows. Mostly known for its rendering quality and rendering speed it does not include a built-in modeler. The popular film Pirates of the Caribbean^[2] and the television series Lost^[3] used the software.

• form•Z (AutoDesSys, Inc.) is a general purpose solid/surface 3D modeler. Its primary use is for modeling, but it also features photo realistic rendering and object-centric animation support. form•Z is used in architecture, interior design, illustration, product design, and set design. It supports plug-ins and scripts, has import/export capabilities and was first released in 1991. It is currently available for both Mac OS X and Windows.

• Houdini (Side Effects Software) is used for visual effects and character animation. It was used in Disney's feature film The Wild.^[4] Houdini uses a non-standard interface that it refers to as a "NODE system". It has a hybrid micropolygon-raytracer renderer, Mantra, but it also has built-in support for commercial renderers like Pixar's RenderMan and mental ray.

• Inventor (Autodesk) The Autodesk Inventor is for 3D mechanical design, product simulation, tooling creation, and design communication.

• LightWave 3D (NewTek), first developed for the Amiga, was originally bundled as part of the Video Toaster package and entered the market as a low cost way for TV production companies to create quality CGI for their programming. It first gained public attention with its use in the TV series Babylon 5^[5] and is used in several contemporary TV series.^[6][7][8]. Lightwave is also used in a variety of modern film productions.^[9][10]. It is available for both Windows and Mac OS X.

• MASSIVE is a 3D animation system for generating crowd-related visual effects, targeted for use in film and television. Originally developed for controlling the large-scale CGI battles in The Lord of the Rings,^[11] Massive has become an industry standard for digital crowd control in high end animation^{[citation needed]} and has been used on several other big-budget films. It is available for various Unix and Linux platforms as well as Windows.

• Maya (Autodesk) is currently used in the film and television industry. Maya has developed over the years into an application platform in and of itself through extendability via its MEL programming language. It is available for Windows, Linux and Mac OS X.

• Modo (Luxology) is a subdivision modeling, texturing and rendering tool with support for camera motion and morphs/blendshapes.and is now used in the Television Industry It is available for both Windows and Mac OS X.

• NX ( Siemens PLM Software) is an integrated suite of software for computer-aided mechanical design (mechanical CAM), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), and computer-aided engineering (CAE) formed by combining the former Unigraphics and SDRC I-deas software product lines.^[12] NX is currently available for the following operating systems: Windows XP and Vista, Apple Mac OS X,^[13], and Novell SUSE Linux.^[14]

• Silo (Nevercenter) is a subdivision-surface modeler available for Mac OS X and Windows. Silo does not include a renderer. Silo is the bundled in modeler for the Electric Image Animation System suite.

• SketchUp Pro (Google) is a 3D modeling package that features a sketch-based modeling approach. It has a pro version which supports 2D and 3D model export functions among other features. A free version is integrated with Google Earth and limits export to Google's "3D Warehouse", where users can share their content.

• Softimage (Autodesk) Softimage (formerly Softimage|XSI) is a 3D modeling and animation package that integrates with mental ray rendering. It is feature-similar to Maya and 3DS Max and is used in the production of professional films, commercials, video games, and other media.

• solidThinking (solidThinking) is a 3D solid/surface modeling and rendering suite which features a construction tree method of development. The tree is the "history" of the model construction process and allows real-time updates when modifications are made to points, curves, parameters or entire objects.

• Solid Edge ( Siemens PLM Software) is a commercial application for design, drafting, analysis, and simulation of products, systems, machines and tools. All versions include feature-based parametric modeling, assembly modeling, drafting, sheetmetal, weldment, freeform surface design, and data management.^[15] Application-programming interfaces enable scripting in Visual Basic and C programming.

• SolidWorks (SolidWorks Corporation) is an application used for the design, detailing and validation of products, systems, machines and toolings. All versions include modeling, assemblies, drawing, sheetmetal, weldment, and freeform surfacing functionality. It also has support for scripting in Visual Basic and C.

• Swift 3D (Electric Rain) is a relatively inexpensive 3D design, modeling, and animation application targeted to entry-level 3D users and Adobe Flash designers. Swift 3D supports vector and raster-based 3D animations for Adobe Flash and Microsoft Silverlight XAML.

• trueSpace (Caligari Corporation) is a 3D program available for Windows, although the company Caligari first found its start on the Amiga platform. trueSpace features modeling, animation, 3D-painting, and rendering capabilities. In 2009, Microsoft purchased TrueSpace and it is now available completely free of charge.

• Vue (E-on Software) is a tool for creating, animating and rendering natural 3D environments. It was most recently used to create the background jungle environments in the 2nd and 3rd Pirates of the Caribbean films.^[16]

• ZBrush (Pixologic) is a digital sculpting tool that combines 3D/2.5D modeling, texturing and painting tool available for Mac OS X and Windows. It is used to create normal maps for low resolution models to make them look more detailed.

Other packages which are not as mainstream as the common ones

• Anim8or is a proprietary freeware 3D rendering and animation package.
• Animation:Master from HASH, Inc is a modeling and animation package that focuses on ease of use. It is a spline-based modeler. Its strength lies in character animation.
• Art of Illusion is a free software package developed under the GPL.
• AutoQ3D Community is not a professional CAD program and it is focused to beginners who want to make rapid 3D designs. It is a free software package developed under the GPL.
• Ayam is a free 3D modeling environment for the RenderMan interface.
• Bryce (DAZ Productions) is most famous for landscapes and creating 'painterly' renderings, as well as its unique user interface.
• Cybermotion 3D is a commercial 3D modeling, animation and rendering package.
• Cheetah3D is primarily aimed at amateur 3D artists with some medium- and high-end features
• DAZ Studio a free 3D rendering tool set for adjusting parameters of preexisting models, posing and rendering them in full 3D scene environments. Imports objects created in Poser and is similar to that program, but with fewer features.
• DX Studio a complete integrated development environment for creating interactive 3D graphics. The system comprises both a real-time 3D engine and a suite of editing tools, and is the first product to offer a complete range of tools in a single IDE.
• Evolver is a portal for 3D computer characters incorporating a human (humanoid) builder and a cloner to work from picture.
• FaceGen is a source of human face models for other programs. Users are able to generate face models either randomly or from input photographs.
• Geist3D is a free software program for real-time modeling and rendering three-dimensional graphics and animations.
• Grome is a professional outdoor scene modeler (terrain, water, vegetation) for games and other 3D real-time applications.
• GMax
• GPure is a software to prepare scene/meshes from digital mockup to multiple uses
• K-3D is a GNU modeling, animation, and rendering system available on Linux and Win32. It makes use of RenderMan-compliant render engines. It features scene graph procedural modelling similar to that found in Houdini.
• MakeHuman is a GPL program that generates 3D parametric humanoids.
• MeshLab is a free Windows, Linux and Mac OS X application for visualizing, simplifying, processing and converting large three dimensional meshes to or from a variety of 3D file formats.
• MilkShape 3D is a shareware/trialware polygon 3D modelling program with extensive import/export capabilities.
• Moment of Inspiration is a 3D modeling program focusing on simplicity and ease-of-use for Tablet PCs, designed to complement polygon-based modeling programs, by one of the developers behind Rhinoceros 3D.
• Mudbox Mudbox is a high resolution brush-based 3D sculpting program, that claims to be the first of its type. The software was acquired by Autodesk in 2007, and has a current rival in its field known as ZBrush (see above).
• OpenFX is a modeling and animation studio, distributed under the GPL.
• Poser (Smith Micro) Poser is a 3D rendering and animation software program optimized for models that depict the human figure in three-dimensional form and is specialized for adjusting features of preexisting character models via varying parameters. It is also for posing and rendering of models and characters. It includes some specialized tools for walk cycle creation, cloth and hair.
• RealFlow simulates and renders particle systems of rigid bodies and fluids.
• Realsoft3D Real3D Full featured 3D modeling, animation, simulation and rendering software available for Windows, Linux, Mac OS X and Irix.
• Rhinoceros 3D is a commercial modeling tool which has excellent support for freeform NURBS editing.
• Seamless3d NURBS based modelling and animation software with much of the focus on creating avatars optimized for real time animation. It is free, open source under the MIT license.
• Wings 3D is a BSD-licensed, subdivision modeler.

TIF	RGB - 24 or 48 bits, Grayscale - 8 or 16 bits, Indexed color - 1 to 8 bits, Line Art (bilevel)- 1 bit For TIF files, most programs allow either no compression or LZW compression (lossless, but is less effective for 24 bit color images). Adobe Photoshop also provides JPG or ZIP compression too (but which greatly reduces third party compatibility of TIF files). "Document programs" allow ITCC G3 or G4 compression for 1 bit text (Fax is G3 or G4 TIF files), which is lossless and tremendously effective (small).
PNG	RGB - 24 or 48 bits, Grayscale - 8 or 16 bits, Indexed color - 1 to 8 bits, Line Art (bilevel) - 1 bit PNG uses ZIP compression which is lossless, and slightly more effective than LZW (slightly smaller files). PNG is a newer format, designed to be both verstile and royalty free, back when the LZW patent was disputed.
JPG	RGB - 24 bits, Grayscale - 8 bits JPEG always uses lossy JPG compression, but its degree is selectable, for higher quality and larger files, or lower quality and smaller files.
GIF	Indexed color - 1 to 8 bits GIF uses lossless LZW compression, effective on indexed color. GIF files contain no dpi information for printing purposes.

http://www.scantips.com/basics09.html

Displaying 3D polys

In 3D computer graphics, polygonal modeling is an approach for modeling objects by representing or approximating their surfaces using polygons. Polygonal modeling is well suited to scanline rendering and is therefore the method of choice for real-time computer graphics. Alternate methods of representing 3D objects include NURBS(Non-uniform rational basis spline this is commonly used in 3d for representing curves and surfaces which offer flexibilty and precision when handling shape.) surfaces, subdivision surfaces, and equation-based representations used in ray tracers  (In 3D modelling , ray tracing is a technique for generating an image by tracing the path of light through pixels in an image plane and simulating the effects of its encounters with virtual objects. The technique is capable of producing a very high degree of visual realism, usually higher than that of typical scanline rendering methods, but at a greater computational cost. This makes ray tracing best suited for applications where the image can be rendered slowly ahead of time, such as in still images and film and television special effects, and more poorly suited for real-time applications like computer games where speed is critical.) 

Mesh Construction

The basic object used in mesh modelling is a vertex, a point in three dimensional spaces. Two vertices connected by a straight line become an edge. Three vertices, connected to the each other by three edges, define a triangle, which is the simplest polygon in the 3d space. More complex polygons can be created out of multiple triangles, or as a single object with more than 3 vertices. Four sided polygons (generally referred to as quads) and triangles are the most common shapes used in polygonal modelling. A group of polygons, connected to each other by shared vertices, is generally referred to as an element. Each of the polygons making up an element is called a face.

This approach can also be adopted when creating subdivision surface models. If you start with good reference material, use as much as you can. Using your reference as an image plane, block out the rough shape of the character using cylinders. When your adding finer details make sure to, follow the muscle lines strictly so you end up with a nice clean model, which is symmetrical where possible. Try and keep to a grid system, this will keeping you a neat model to work with, and result in better deformation. You shouldn't put polygons where they are not needed, even if this is to be a high-resolution model.

This is a model i have done in maya 2009
its a very clean model apprarently because i have keep it in quads consistantly.

Constraints

With the consoles and technology getting better each decade you would think that game developers wouldn't have a problem with developing games but the one big problem to date is the file size due to Microsoft not doing the right thing and taking up blu ray disks such as Sony the main problem developers have is the fact that they can't store enough game content on the disk whereas Sony can because blu-ray disks can because they can store up to 25-50GB on a Blu-Ray disc whereas normal DVD cds can store up to 9GB on DVD9. PC still use DVD9 but not as much seen as though most website like direct2drive.com , Steam and many more website which sell pc games as direct download. This is where the term DLC (downloadable content) comes into play they way it works is the content which couldn't be store on the disk is purchased through a network such as Xbox live Playstation network.

Some critics say that there are no difference between the two main competitors Xbox 360 and ps3 and some critics do well here are the specs according to this article (I found this ME ONLY JOSHUA ROBINSON)

On paper, the PS3 & Xbox 360 have the same amount quality put into them all it is both consoles have better features more than each other example the Ps3 has more Filtered texture fetch than the Xbox 360. Meaning (it blends the texture pixels together by breaking them up into tinier pixels. Another term for texture filtering is called texture smoothing.)

The Xbox 360 has a better Vertex Texture Fetch Meaning (It allows vertex shaders to read data from textures, just like pixel shaders can. This additional feature is useful for a number of effects, including displacement mapping, fluid and water simulation, explosions, and more.)

If you are a games designers or just now about the applications/software packages used to develop games you will notice the difference in cross platform games such as Sonic the hedgehog and others such as COD(Call of Duty), Mirrors Edge, and many more

Playstation 3





Xbox 360

As you can see the Playstation 3 tends to be more shaper whereas the Xbox 360 version seems to be smoother. This is because of the differences in 360's GPU is only slightly better than the PS3's, but the PS3's CPU being able to render graphics picks up the slack from your SLIGHTLY better GPU. Assassins ‘creed has more comparison pictures between Ps3 and Xbox. So really at the end of the day it all really comes down to personal prefrence yeah both console have better features than each other but not serpending the fact that ps3 has blu-ray and internet browser but when processer power comes into it none are really better. Personally i have both but i play Xbox 360 more because of the online feature being better and has better games (Gamertag I3ig Man I3aird PSN FootSoulJah)

After Portmerion

On the 29th of september i visited portmerion where the prisoner was filmed and i got loads of refrence images to help me model a certain area while there i also picked up on the architecture of the buildings. when you actually think about it the whole place is filled with italian and old english stylyed cottages and and how this was the only place where italian styled buildings were constructed. Plus portmerion is the only place in the united kingdom and hit by the gulf stream so they can grow eczotic plants bay leaf tree.